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File Permissions and Ownership

1. File Permissions:

   • chmod: Changes the permissions of a file or directory.

     chmod 755 file       # Owner: read/write/execute, Group: read/execute, Others: read/execute
     chmod u+rwx,go+rx file  # Alternative symbolic notation
     

   • Permission Types:

     • r (read): Permission to read the file or directory.
     • w (write): Permission to modify the file or directory.
     • x (execute): Permission to execute the file or traverse the directory.

2. File Ownership:

• chown: Changes the ownership of a file or directory.

     chown user:group file     # Change owner and group
     chown user file           # Change only the owner
     chown :group file         # Change only the group
  

  • chgrp: Changes the group ownership of a file or directory.

    chgrp groupname file      # Change group ownership
    

By managing users, groups, and file permissions, you can control access to resources and maintain security within a Linux system.

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